Relationship Between the Work Product Doctrine and the Duty to Preserve

Siani v. State Univ. of New York, 2010 WL 3170664 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2010)

The duty to preserve electronically stored information (ESI) can arise long before a lawsuit is ever filed. Several of our prior posts, such as the ones found here and here, chronicle the problem of determining whether a pre-suit duty to preserve is triggered by a letter from a putative plaintiff which contemplates the possibility of litigation. So, any decision which recognizes a landmark that can be readily followed when navigating the pre-suit preservation minefield bears highlighting. Sinai provides such a beacon to follow.

The work-product doctrine encompasses documents that are prepared “in anticipation of litigation.” Siani reached “the common sense conclusion” that if litigation was reasonably foreseeable for one purpose, “it was reasonably foreseeable for all purposes.” 2010 WL 3170664 at *5. Thus, Siani recognizes a direct relationship between the assertion of the work-product doctrine and a duty to preserve ESI in a pre-suit context.

Thus, before asserting the protection of the work-product doctrine, an attorney would be wise to also confirm that the client has instituted a litigation hold to preserve potentially relevant ESI in the context of that anticipated litigation. Claiming the protection of the work-product doctrine means that litigation was reasonably anticipated and that a duty to preserve potentially relevant ESI has been triggered.

Ediscovery sanctions drive an ethical wedge in the attorney-client relationship

Merck Eprova AG v. Gnosis S.P.A., 2010 WL 1631519 (S.D.N.Y. April 20, 2010)

Today’s post involves the sorry tale of a foreign company that failed to properly issue a litigation hold and allowed the deletion of emails to occur after suit was filed. To make matters worse, at an evidentiary hearing, the company’s CEO admitted that certain responsive documents that he felt were immaterial were not produced. The CEO also testified that because the plaintiff’s discovery requests were so disproportionate, he did nothing to preserve documents relating to the manufacture and sale of the product in question. The district court concluded the defendant’s conduct in failing to issue any type of litigation hold amounted to gross negligence and that the defendant’s search for responsive documents fell well below the minimum standard that a reasonably prudent person would use.

The court in Gnosis noted that in several discovery conferences, counsel for the defendant asked that the scope of plaintiff’s discovery be limited, but the court denied those requests because they were never properly raised. The court was also critical or counsel’s failure to supervise the client’s search for responsive documents and counsel’s failure to investigate the accuracy of plaintiff’s assertions that the defendant’s production was incomplete. At several points during an ongoing discovery dispute, counsel mistakenly represented to the court that the plaintiff was accusing the defendant of not producing documents that it had produced. Once the issue was properly investigated, counsel realized the error, and additional documents were promptly sent to the plaintiff. However, counsel waited for over a month after learning of the error, until the morning of an evidentiary hearing on that discovery dispute, to advise the court about counsel’s mistaken representation.

It should come as no surprise that the district court imposed sanctions in the form of costs and attorney’s fees that plaintiff expended in compelling defendant’s compliance with its discovery obligations. Additionally, the court imposed a $25,000 fine to deter future misconduct and “to instill in defendants some modicum of respect for the judicial process.”

The district court, however, elected not to apportion liability for those sanctions between the defendant and its counsel “under the belief they are best suited to make that decision.” The court indicated it would only intercede if the defendants and their counsel “are unable to agree on apportionment of these sanctions.” The court explained that to apportion the sanctions award between defendant and its counsel would require the disclosure of information that “could compromise attorney-client confidentiality.”

While the court’s desire to preserve the integrity of the attorney-client privilege is laudable, its order created an ethical dilemma for defense counsel and potentially drove an ethical wedge into the attorney-client relationship. Unless an attorney and client immediately agree that only one of them is solely responsible for such a sanction, the attorney should carefully evaluate whether Rule 1.7(a) of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct has been triggered. Rule 1.7(a) provides that a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves a “concurrent” conflict of interest. It further explains that a concurrent conflict exists if there is a significant risk that the representation of the client will be materially limited by the personal interest of the lawyer. Comment 8 to Rule 1.7 notes that even when there is no direct adversity, “if a significant risk exists that a lawyer’s ability to consider, recommend or carry out an appropriate course of action for the client will be materially limited as a result of the lawyer’s other responsibilities or interests,” a conflict exists. Any lawyer subject to the type of sanction’s order entered in Gnosis would be personally interested in its outcome, and a claim could be made that it would be difficult to give “detached advice” under the circumstances. Thus, the specter of Rule 1.7(a) is arguably triggered by the sanctions order entered in Gnosis.

While this type of potential conflict can be waived by the client, it requires the lawyer to clearly identify and explain the nature of the conflict (in writing) to the client and obtain the client’s informed consent. This requires an explanation of the reasonably foreseeable ways the conflict could have an adverse effect on the client’s interests. Additionally, Model Rule 1.8(a) explains that the client should be informed in writing that the client may seek the advice of independent legal counsel on the transaction and be given a reasonable opportunity to obtain separate counsel to decide if the conflict should be waived. Accordingly, this type of ediscovery sanctions order will likely delay the proceedings and may require the involvement of separate counsel to address the issue.

The Gnosis decision brings into focus two important questions. The first is what should a lawyer do upon learning the client is refusing to follow counsel’s advise on preserving and producing electronically stored information (ESI)? The second is whether in light of the recurring damage being done to the attorney-client relationship as a result of ediscovery sanctions, are amendments to the federal ediscovery rules warranted, or is there a reasonable alternative to attorney sanctions that would adequately insure the attorney fulfills his ediscovery obligations to the client?

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Increasing rate of sanctions points to a need for changes to the federal ediscovery rules.

Next month, the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure will meet at Duke University to consider possible amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 331, the Judicial Conference of the United States is required to “carry on a continuous study of the operation and effect of the general rules of practice and procedure.” The Judicial Conference is authorized to consider and recommend changes to the rules in order to promote simplicity, fairness, the just determination of litigation, and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay. Id. These factors, both individually and collectively, warrant a careful reexamination of the federal rules addressing electronic discovery.

As it now stands, electronic discovery is easier to get wrong than it is to get right under the existing rules. Kroll Ontrack is a national ediscovery consultant that tracks and summarizes decisions addressing electronic discovery issues. In January 2010, Kroll reported that from January 1, 2009 to October 31, 2009, 39% of all ediscovery decisions addressed sanctions. During that same timeframe in 2008, Kroll reported that 25% of ediscovery decisions addressed the issue of sanctions. See Case Law Update & Ediscovery News, January 2010, Vol. 10, Iss. 1 found here. Thus, even though parties and their counsel may be more familiar with the federal ediscovery rules and more knowledgeable about electronic discovery than in prior years, requests for sanctions are climbing at an alarming rate.
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Proportionality — don’t overlook Rule 26(b)(2)(C) when attempting to control your e-discovery costs

Bellinger v. Astrue, 2010 WL 1268063 (E.D.N.Y. April 2, 2010)

Some lawyers take a “Turkish Bazaar” approach to discovery requests, seeking more than they really need while willing to negotiate down to what they want. Other lawyers lace their otherwise reasonable discovery requests with magnifying terms such as “any and all,” “touching upon,” or “relating to” a particular topic or subject matter.

Lawyers responding to these types of requests will typically, and rightfully, object to the requests as being overbroad and unduly burdensome. Principle 1.03 of the Seventh Circuit’s Electronic Discovery Pilot Program further provides that requests for production of electronic information should be “reasonably targeted, clear and as specific as practicable.” That principle provides another basis to object to burdensome discovery requests.

But how many lawyers think to raise Rule 26(b)(2)(C)’s proportionality standard when addressing a burdensome discovery request? Rule 26 applies to all discovery, not just to inaccessible information. Attorneys who fail to consider Rule 26’s proportionality standard are overlooking an important tool in controlling ediscovery costs, as the decision in today’s post explains.

Bellinger involved a Title VII claim in which plaintiff alleged that she was denied a promotion and received unequal pay because of her gender. In discovery, plaintiff sought “detailed information about the job status and career histories” of various groups of other employees. The district court sustained the defendant’s objection, noting that the burden of complying with the interrogatory seeking this information was “substantial” and that “[t]he likely benefit of the discovery . . . is slight or non-existent, particularly in light of the narrow scope of plaintiff’s claims and the broad range of discovery that has already been produced.”

Additionally, plaintiff in Bellinger sought “detailed and technically complex” information about the defendant’s electronically stored information. Again, notions of proportionality prevailed. The court concluded that responding to those interrogatories would be “extremely burdensome” and that the information sought in those interrogatories was “unlikely to be of significant value, especially in light of the discovery that the defendant has already provided.”
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Emails sent through Yahoo account using work computer protected under attorney-client privilege

The New Jersey supreme court has held that emails an employee sent to her lawyer using her company-issued computer and a personal Yahoo account are protected by the attorney-client privilege.

Stengart v. Loving Care Agency, Inc., — A.2d —, 2010 WL 1189458 (N.J. March 30, 2010)

The New Jersey courts have a reputation of being protective of “informational privacy.” See, e.g., State v. Reid. A recent decision concerning employee privacy in personal emails adds to that reputation.

Plaintiff-employee used a work-issued laptop to access her Yahoo email account, through which she communicated with her lawyer about her lawsuit against the employer. During the discovery phase of that employment discrimination lawsuit, the employer used computer forensics to recover those Yahoo emails that had been copied to the computer’s temporary internet files folder.

Counsel for plaintiff demanded that the employer turn over the recovered emails, arguing that the communications were protected by the attorney-client privilege. When the employer agreed to turn them over but not discontinue use of the information garnered from them, plaintiff sought relief from the court.

The trial court denied relief and plaintiff sought review with the appellate court. That court reversed, and the employer sought review with the state’s supreme court. You can read our prior blog post that discussed the appellate court’s decision here. The supreme court upheld the appellate court’s decision, holding that the employee had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the communications.

The employer relied on a broadly-written company policy through which the employer reserved the right to review and access “all matters on the company’s media systems and services at any time.” But the court rejected those arguments.

Framework for the analysis

The supreme court considered two aspects in its analysis: (1) the adequacy of the notice provided by the company policy, and (2) the important public policy concerns raised by the attorney-client privilege.

As for the adequacy of the notice provided by the policy, the court found that because the policy did not address the use of password-protected personal email accounts, the policy was “not entirely clear.” As for the importance of the attorney-client privilege, the court lavished it with almost-sacred verbal accoutrements, calling it a “venerable privilege . . . enshrined in history and practice.”

“Intrusion upon seclusion” as source for standard

The court noted that the analysis for a reasonable expectation of privacy in dealings between two private parties was a bit different than the analysis in a Fourth Amendment case. The common law source for the standard in this context is with the tort of “intrusion upon seclusion.” Under New Jersey law, that tort is committed when one intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, in a manner that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. (This language comes from the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B.)

In this situation, the court found that plaintiff had both a subjective and objective expectation that the messages would be private. Supporting her subjective belief was the fact that she used a private email account that was password protected, instead of her work email account. And she did not store her password on the computer. Her belief was objectively reasonable given the absence of any discussion about private email accounts in the company policy.

Plaintiff’s expectation of privacy was also bolstered by the fact that the email messages were not illegal, nor would they impact the performance of the employer’s computer system. And they bore all the “hallmarks” of attorney-client communications.

For all these reasons, not the least of which the priority of the courts “to keep private the very type of conversations that took place here,” the court found that the conversations were protected by the attorney-client privilege.

A primer on ediscovery ethics

Lawson v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2010 WL 503054 (S.D. Ind. February 8, 2010)

Lawson is an ediscovery decision that has flown under the radar of most bloggers and legal commentators. It is a relatively short opinion, addressing whether sanctions should be imposed on the plaintiff and his former attorneys after the plaintiff unlocked certain password-protected documents produced by defendant in discovery that were privileged. The decision, however, implicates a number of ethical issues and the case could be used in teaching a course on ediscovery ethics. Because of the brevity of the district court’s opinion, many of the facts discussed below are taken from the Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation which can be read here.

The Magistrate, in addressing the defendant’s sanctions motion, described the issues presented by that motion as:

[T]he perfect storm of problems that can arise from voluminous electronic discovery in high stakes litigation. As with the storm of any magnitude – and this one might qualify as a Category 5 from the National Hurricane Center – the damage can be severe. Such is the case in the wake of this maelstrom.

The defendant claimed in its motion for sanctions that the case was an “ediscovery version of Watergate,” with the plaintiff acting as “the henchman who broke into the password-protected documents” and his counsel engaging in the “cover-up.” The district court, however, was not persuaded. While a relatively modest monetary sanction was imposed upon the plaintiff, the district court ultimately vacated the Magistrate’s recommended monetary sanction on plaintiff’s former counsel. Even when the defendant’s hyperbole is ignored, Lawson presents a number of knotty ethical issues that practitioners must be ready to recognize and properly address.
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Court rejects bright-line or categorical approaches when assessing the acceptability of ediscovery misconduct, preservation efforts, or sanctions

Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. v. Cammarata, 2010 WL 645253 (S.D.Tex. February 19, 2010)

The Rimkus decision will likely prove to be one of the most important ediscovery decisions announced in 2010. The decision was written by Judge Lee H. Rosenthal, who chairs the Judicial Conference Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure. It is a decision that merits the attention of any serious ediscovery practitioner.

The blogosphere has been all “a twitter” about Judge Shira Scheindlin’s recent opinion in Pension Committee of the University of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of America Securities, LLC, 2010 WL 184312 (S.D.N.Y. January 5, 2010). However, Rimkus may ultimately prove to have more lasting and widespread significance.

Pension Committee addressed when the failure to properly preserve and collect ESI justifies the sanction of an adverse inference instruction. In a recent blog post about the Pension Committee decision, we raised several concerns about the opinion’s analysis and conclusions. While Rimkus involved allegations of wilful misconduct, including the intentional destruction of emails and other ESI after a duty to preserve had been triggered, Judge Rosenthal noted that there were “some common analytical issues” between Rimkus and Pension Committee, which merited discussion. Judge Rosenthal’s discussion of those common analytical issues in Rimkus addressed several of the concerns we highlighted in our Pension Committee post.

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Court orders disclosure of metadata under New York’s Freedom of Information Law

Irwin v. Onondaga County Resource Recovery Agency, A.T., — N.Y.S.2d —, 2010 WL 462948 (N.Y.A.D. 4 Dept., Feb. 11, 2010)

Petitioner Irwin noticed that a local government agency used a picture of Irwin in an email “news blast.” He claimed the agency used the photo without his permission, and sought modest compensation for the use of the photo. When the agency refused, Irwin sought information about the agency’s collection of digital images under New York’s Freedom of Information Law (“FOIL”).

The request sought “[a]ll computer records that are associated with published [photographs] in all [of the agency's] publications, including [Web site] and e-mail activities, for the years 2005, 2006, and 2007.” The agency produced some photos that were of reduced quality and “bereft” of metadata.

Irwin filed a court action to compel, among other things, the disclosure of the metadata associated with the requested records. The trial court denied Irwin’s petition, and Irwin sought review with the appellate court. On appeal, the court amended the judgment to order the production of the metadata.
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Court orders second production of ESI in a reasonably usable form and rejects argument that foreign privacy laws or the Hague Convention bars production of personal information

AccessData Corp. v. ALSTE Technologies GMBH, 2010 WL 318477 (D.Utah Jan. 21, 2010)

AccessData is a software developer that entered into an agreement with ALSTE to sell its software products. AccessData brought a breach of contract action against ALSTE involving the sale of its forensic software. ALSTE claimed that the software was defective and filed a counterclaim asserting a breach of a technical support agreement. In discovery, AccessData sought production of information concerning customer complaints and any damages flowing from that counterclaim. ALSTE objected, arguing that the discovery requests were overbroad and the disclosure of information about the identities of third parties who voiced the complaints would violate German law. AccessData brought a motion to compel that information and also sought the reproduction of emails in their native format.
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PowerPoint Slides about the Seventh Circuit Ediscovery Pilot Program

The Seventh Circuit Electronic Discovery Pilot Program was developed as a result of continuing comments from the business and legal community about the need to reform the civil pretrial discovery process. A committee of trial judges, lawyers, academics and expert consultants met to consider how the cost and burden of electronic discovery can be reduced.

The committee developed a set of ediscovery principles intended to serve as supplemental guidelines to be followed by litigants participating in the program. These principles were codified into a standing order which is being used in selected cases to assess their effectiveness. Kenneth J. Withers, the Director of Judicial Education and Content for The Sedona Conference, and Rebecca L. Kourlis, the Executive Director of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System at the University of Denver assisted in the process of drafting these principles.

What makes these principles unique is that they will be tested during phases of the Pilot Program. The results for Phase I of the program will be presented in May 2010 at the Seventh Circuit’s Annual Meeting. They will then be evaluated and refined. Phase II will then run from June 2010 to May 2011. At that juncture, the committee will present its findings and issue its final principles.

Below is to a set of PowerPoint slides addressing the program and the ediscovery principles that are currently being tested.